Presentation of the authors Foreword Introduction Origin of murmurs Timing of murmurs Duration of systole in horses, dogs and cats Definitions of holo/pan systolic and diastolic durations Intensity of murmurs can be graded on a scale of 1-6 Quality and pitch The stethoscope PhonoCardioGraphy (PCG) Interpretation of murmurs using filters Heart disease without murmurs Heart sounds and murmurs in dogs and cats Auscultation and Points of Maximal Intensity (PMI) in small animals Advice for cardiac auscultation in small animals How to use your stethoscope First heart sound (S1) Second heart sound (S2) Split first heart sound Split second heart sound Third heart sound (S3) Fourth heart sound (S4) Systolic click Normal cardiac rhythm Gallop rhythm Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Atrial Premature Contractions (APC) Ventricular Premature Contractions (VPC) Paroxysmal tachycardia Physiological flow murmurs (systolic) Anemia Pulmonic stenosis (PS) Low degree of Pulmonic Stenosis

Moderate degree of Pulmonic Stenosis Severe Pulmonic Stenosis Aortic Stenosis (AS) Low degree Aortic Stenosis Moderate degree of Aortic Stenosis Severe degree of Aortic Stenosis Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats Persistent Ductus Arteriosus with left to right shunting of blood (PDA) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Mitral regurgitation (MR) Mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by Chronic Valvular Disease (CVD) Low degree MR caused by CVD Moderate degree MR caused by CVD Severe degree MR caused by CVD Musical murmurs from MR caused by CVD AV valve dysplasia Mitral regurgitation secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy Mitral regurgitation secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) Aortic insufficiency Recommended reading Equine heart sounds and murmurs Auscultation and point of maximal intensity in horses Normal equine heart sounds and rhythms First heart sound Second heart sound Fourth heart sound Third heart sound Forth, first, second and third heart sound Gallop rhythms Sinus rhythm and 2nd degree AV blocks

Abnormal cardiac rhythms Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Atrial Premature Contractions (APC) Ventricular Premature Contractions (VPC) Normal equine heart murmurs Physiological systolic flow murmurs Physiological diastolic flow murmurs Abnormal heart murmurs in the horse Aortic Insufficiency (AI) Mitral regurgitation (Slight, moderate and severe) Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) (Slight, moderate and severe) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Pulmonic stenosis as a part of Tetralogy of Fallot Persistent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Recommended reading Appendix Measurements of durations and heart rate on PCG Interpretation of PCG recordings with simultaneous ECG PCG Index Murmurs in dogs PMI, Mitral area PMI, Aortic area PMI, Pulmonic area PMI, Tricuspid area Heart sounds and murmurs in cats PMI, left side of thorax PMI, right side of thorax Equine heart sounds and murmurs Normal equine heart sounds PMI, left side of thorax. PMI, tricuspid area Acknowledgements Abbreviations Index